"La monadologie (1909)" by Freiherr von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is a philosophical text written in 1714. In roughly ninety paragraphs, Leibniz presents his metaphysics of simple substances called monads. These indivisible elements form a hierarchy of perfection, from basic monads to souls to rational spirits. Each monad expresses the universe from its unique perspective, coordinated through God's pre-established harmony. Without direct interaction, these substances appear synchronized like clocks set to the same time, forming Leibniz's solution to fundamental questions about reality and existence. (This is an automatically generated summary.)
These books are free to read. Each is in the public domain in the United States; check your own country's rules before you copy or share one.
